The United Nations Organization free essay sample

The United Nations Organization (UNO) or simply United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions. The Charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the I-JN. Some of the rinciples of the UN Charter are; the association principle, the hierarchy principle, the collective security principle, the regional principle, the mediation principle, the trusteeship principle the Judicial principle and the collective security principle. To be a part of I-IN, the country either a member or not, should be peace-loving, because, if one of the countries would try to begin hostilities between the UN members or other countries, the purpose of the UN would be marred. We will write a custom essay sample on The United Nations Organization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every country has its own dominance about some topics and according to that the UN have made some countries have more important ubiety than others. By this idea the ierarchy principle has been emerged. One of the aims of the UN is unlimited growth and prosperity for all and the economic and social council is trying to solve countries problems by the help of its seventeen agencies. Some examples are Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The charter decided that the nations should not form other organizations between them, because this could impair the association between the members of I-JN. Another important aim of the UN is to keep the peace between the adversaries and elp them to solve their problems by acting as the mediator. The United Nations Trusteeship Council, one of the principal organs of the United Nations, was established to help ensure that non-self-governing territories were administered in the best interests of the inhabitants and of international peace and security. The trust territories most of them former mandates of the League of Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World War II have all now attained self-government or independence, either as separate nations or by joining neighbouring independent countries. The last was Palau, which became a The Judicial principles main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international organs, agencies, and the UN General Assembly. Collective security can be understood as a security arrangement in which all states cooperate collectively to provide security for all by the actions of all against any states within the groups which might challenge the existing order by using sanctions and force. While collective security is possible, several prerequisites have to be met for it to work.

An Ideal Student free essay sample

An ideal student is a model for others. He is fully aware of his duties and has some good qualities. An ideal student is an asset to a school, society and to the nation as a whole. A student of today is a parent and citizen of tomorrow. Ideal students are noble, studious and high-minded in their duties. But they are conscious of their mission in life. They are bold, frank, truthful and honest but never mean, selfish and narrow-minded. Politeness is their ornament. They hate none but love all. An ideal student is self-disciplined. He obeys his parents, elders and teachers. He is punctual in coming to the school and regular in studies. He hates sin but not the sinner. He is always cautious in choosing friends. An ideal student cultivates good and beneficial habits. He never neglects his health. He is very strong of character, both in mind and body by regular practices of physical exercises in order to keep them fit. We will write a custom essay sample on An Ideal Student or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He knows that if character is lost everything is lost. He is economical both in time and money. He is in good books of his teachers and parents. Childhood is a stage of formation of character. A child is sent to school for essential training for his future life where the value of discipline in life is learnt. Here he is under the direct training and control of his teachers who appraise his talent, punished for his folly and guide him in his studies and in the improvement of his habits to mould him into an ideal character so that he may not have any problem in his later life Thus he comes to know what is good and what is bad in this world. When this sense in him is properly developed, he becomes as ideal student. He can prove himself to be honest, obedient and bold in his character. An ideal student is he who is conscious about his duties and responsibilities towards his family, his society and his country and bears a good moral character by leading a simple life with noble thinking, being patriotic, respectful towards his superiors, and compassionate towards his Juniors. If a student scores high marks in an examination, it does not mean that he should be called an deal student, unless he possesses all those good qualities. He may set academicals record in the university, but may prove to be a failure in his real life, whereas, a student, who may not make a bright academicals career, may prove himself an ideal stu dent by virtue of his noble character. An ideal student respects and loves his parents and teachers. He behaves, both in his family life and his school life, like a sensible person, and shares equally the Joys and sorrows of others. He is truthful, loyal and disciplined. He is the future ideal citizen of the world. He is also a true patriot, who sacrifices his personal interests, when the question of safe ty of his motherland comes and may volunteer him for the service in a natural calamity anywhere in the country. He gives preference to humanity than anything else in life. These days it is very difficult to find ideal students. They are very rare. But the one who is, he is a model for other students. He is loved by all. He is the pride of his parents, his society, and his country. An Ideal Student By fathima456

A Mechanism for Combating Mercantilism and Producing Balanced Trade

Introduction This report discusses whether or not the present form of mercantilism is self-destructive and hence self-correcting strategy. The writer argues mercantilism, under classical theory was seen as a destructive policy. Other forms such as monetary mercantilism self sustaining and beneficial.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on A Mechanism for Combating Mercantilism and Producing Balanced Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The report further discusses the mechanism that a trade deficit country could effectively fulfill to provide a fair trade. The writer infers the mechanism differs in various aspects; however, scaled Tariff remains dissenting among them. Is Mercantilism a self-destructive Strategy? Many authors of classical economics of the 18th and 19th centuries have debated that mercantilism is a self-destructive strategy to any country. The debate has made some countries such as the United States be lieve the assertion. For this reason, the United States has relied on the classical opinion in persuading other economies such as the Chinese government to amend its mercantile strategy, in view of suiting its own interests. The assertion by the United States which was based on classical theory contradicts the views of Keynes. In his article, The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money, Keynes disputes inferring the classical economists, in which the United States bases its justifications. Keynes opines that mercantilism is not a self-destructive element; it works and fixes a favorable balance of trade (Keynes, 1980). This is only if it is not massive. He asserts that mercantile only fails when unfavorable balance produces unceasing depression (Keynes, 1980, p.338). On the same note, Krugman and Obstfeld (2000) in their International Economics textbook had argued that mercantilism is not feasible. However, after a decade of extensive research, he later concurred and changed his viewpoint, Krugman (2010). He argued that the US failure to tame China’s â€Å"greedy trade policy† fixes a â€Å"world in which mercantilism works.†Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The classical argument against mercantilism has three elements. These are the comparative advantage proposed by David Ricardo, the reduced consumption devised by Adam Smith, and the market forces balance trade by David Hume. Comparative Advantage Argument Basing on comparative advantage, the merits of international trade is obvious. According to this argument, Ricardo poses that a nation focuses on what it produces and exchange on a comparative advantage with similar products of another country on a comparative advantage (Ricardo, 1911). Similarly, each country trades an assortment of goods it produces with competence in exchange for an assortment of goods the other coun try produces using similar methods of production. To explain this element, Ricardo summarized free trade as an ideal structure of a free trade, where each country naturally dedicates its capital and labor because employments complement each other (1911). This quest of individual value is commendably linked to the universal benefit of the whole. By invigorating industry, rewarding creativity and by using efficacious powers presented by nature, it spreads labor more successfully and economically. Whereas, by increasing the general mass production, it diffuses vast advantages by one common bond of significance, the general society of nations throughout the cultured world (Ricardo, 1911, p.81). Consumption Argument Adam Smith is credited for inferring the age of mercantilism that dominated the economic policies of the European powers during the 16- 18th centuries. According to the European policy, Smith asserts that the aim was inclined towards amassing more gold (Smith, 1869). To achie ve this goal, mercantile nations restricted their imports and increased their exports. This constrained the growth and expansion of trade. Smith’s main argument was that mercantilism damages the economy of the country embracing it. This was because it destroys the consumers while benefiting producers. Viner (1948) argues that the modern mercantile theory draws that a country that practice mercantilist sacrifices consumption for a short-run gains, in view of getting consumption in the long-run.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on A Mechanism for Combating Mercantilism and Producing Balanced Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Professor Jacob Viner, the late University of Chicago lecturer, established the identical goals of mercantilism. He stated that mercantilism enlarges a country’s power (Viner, 1948). This is achieved through amassing of foreign assets and heightens the long-term consumption by delaying or slowing current in consumption expecting future consumption. Mercantilism, in justifying these accomplishments, utilizes tariffs and other barriers on foreign products, whereas time buying foreign assets (Viner, 1948). Market Forces Balance Trade Argument According to Humes argument, the imbalanced or unfair trade does not persist under a gold standard. If superfluous trading country is to gain gold from its trade-deficit trading members, the surge in the monetary supply in a superfluous country would drive prices and wages high (Hume, 1742). However, other economists claim that Hume did not consider the modern version of mercantilism in which the authority of the mercantilist country keep stock of the currency of the deficit country and utilizes it to purchase monetary resources or assets in the deficit country. According to Gomory (2010), these are acts which are suitably called mercantilist. This is because the regimes are in view of affecting the surplus of exports o ver imports. They also circumnavigate the conventional market tweak at all costs. A present-day version of Hume’s arguments holds the capital inflows that a business trade deficits merit the country that receives the capital. When one country has a higher return on capital it means higher interest rates, capital tends to flow into it. This capital will produce a secure investment. The ensuing economic growth will make up for the short-term trade deficits and balance trade in the long run. Whereas private capital flows in locations it believes higher returns will be inevitable, public capital is not.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mercantilist countries purchase foreign financial asserts even in situations when capital interests rates on return are outstanding in their own country than abroad. They further exploit their own population in accessing credit facilities this is to amass capital and make loans abroad. In a nutshell, though financial mercantilism decreases short-term consumption, it encourages long-term consumption and supremacy in the mercantilist country. Nevertheless, it has an opposite impact on trading partners, granting them short-term gains in consumptions pooled with long-term losses in consumptions and power. Mechanism for Balancing Trade Buffet Import Certificate Plan This plan embraces the import license, known as Import Certificates (ICs. Buffet’s proposal, perhaps, borrowed this idea from â€Å"cap-and-trade’ plans that had significantly decreased pollution, although his plan was aimed at capping imports to the volume of exports, thus balancing free trade. Under this plan , Buffet suggested that whenever US producers exported American products, they would accrue ICs which they would profitably sell to potential importers. The Buffet Plan guarantees a path towards a balanced trade as it only allows imports that sum the same value as exports into a country. Similarly, the plan has an additional benefit of granting export subsidies from the sale of Import Certificates to the trade deficit country’s exporting industries. According to Gomory (2010), balancing trade and rewarding productivity serves as two elements needed to support a country recover industries that it loses because of manipulation of manufacturing comparative advantages. Targeted Import Certificate Targeted IC plan was developed by Richman et al (2008). This is where the ICs are auctioned by the government and are extremely specific to that country. The targeted ICs are designed to balance trade for a period of five years with countries that practice mercantilism, as explained by s urplus, foreign exchange preserve by their governments. Target ICs embraces various elements. One of the elements is an auction in the open market. This occurs where the Treasury Department auction ICs monthly. Secondly, each of the target IC allows a certain value of imports. This suggests the possession of the targeted IC either by electronic or physical medium guarantees the holder to import a given value of goods or services from the targeted country (Richman et al, 2008). Each targeted IC could be issued only once. Targeted ICs restrict trade reprisal. For example, if a mercantilist country responds with counter reprisals, it would lessen exports to the country issuing the ICs. The targeted ICs are useful because they help stimulate exporting industries by increasing exports. Scaled Tariff Scaled Tariff was proposed by Morici (Ideal Taxes Association, 2012), a University of Maryland Business professor. He viewed the tariff as significant in regulating rate, when it rises or goe s down basing on the actions that cause a trade deficit. In his findings, he proposed a dollar-yuan conversion tax. This would be applied to all Chinese imports into the US at magnitude that would be adjusted to the proportion of Chinese currency market interventions. The scaled Tariff largely balances trade. This is because it applies to any country with which a trade-deficit country has a substantial trade deficit. Ideal Taxes Association (2012) notes that Scaled tariff provides a tremendous amount of government revenue from tariffs. The government revenue is gradually replaced by an increase in revenue of producers of tradable goods as investments in new production tend to move towards trade balance. Similarly, the scaled Tariffs have a lower administrative costs compared to other plans, hence; most countries calculate the trade statistics used to evaluate the duty rate. Scaled tariff is consistent and legal under international laws; it allows import of duties that are over the d uties inscribed in the WTO schedule for a member. Conclusion The argument based on classical theory that mercantilism is a self-destructive policy was anchored on classical form of mercantilism. However, other forms such as; monetary mercantilism is a successful and self-sustaining. This is because monetary mercantilism decreases the temporal consumption in a mercantilist country whereas surging a long-term power and consumption. It has a contrasting impact on trading members in that, it grants them a temporal benefits in consumption and long-term declines in power and consumption. Reference List Buffett, W. E., and Loomis, C.J. (2003). America’s growing trade deficit is  selling the nation out from under us. Here’s a way to fix the problem – and we  need to do it now. Web. Gomory, R. E. (2010). A time for action: Jobs prosperity and national goals. Web. Hume, D. (1742). Part II, Essay V, Of the Balance of Trade. Web. Ideal Taxes Association (2012). Richmans ’ Trade and Taxes Blog. Web. Keynes, J. M. (1980). The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes,  Economics Articles and Correspondence: Activities 1940-1944: Shaping the postwar world. Volume 25. London: McMillan. Krugman, P. (2010). Killer trade deficits. Web. Krugman, P., and Obstfeld, M. (2000). International Economics: Theory and  Policy. 5th Edition, Glenview, IL: Little, Brown. Papadimitriou, D. B., Hannsgen, G., and Zezza, G. (2008). The Buffett  Plan for reducing the trade deficit. The Levy Economics Institute at Bard College,  Working Paper No. 538. Ricardo, D. (1911). The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. London: J.M. Dent Sons. Richman, R. L., Richman, H.B., and Richman, J.T. (2008). How to Fix  Our Government-driven Trade Deficits and Faulty Tax System before It’s Too  Late. Pittsburgh PA: Ideal Taxes Association. Smith, A. (1869). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. New York: Clarendon press. Viner, J. (1948). Power versus plenty as objectives of foreign policy in the seventeenth  and eighteenth centuries. World Politics, Vol 1 (1) This report on A Mechanism for Combating Mercantilism and Producing Balanced Trade was written and submitted by user Jazmyn Ward to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Outline and evaluate Darwins theory of Evolution Research Paper Example

Outline and evaluate Darwins theory of Evolution Research Paper Example Outline and evaluate Darwins theory of Evolution Paper Outline and evaluate Darwins theory of Evolution Paper This essay is first going to look briefly at the pre-Darwin theory of evolution which came from Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Secondly, outline Charles Darwins theory of evolution and look at some criticisms, lastly it will evaluate Darwins theory Lamarck (1744-1824), a zoologist, claimed that changes that occurred in animals had been passed on from their ancestors, who in their own life time had responded to its survival needs. Lamarcks example of this would be the giraffe that stretches its neck to reach the higher leaves will gain neck length, which in turn will be passed on to its offspring. This theory became known as inheritance of acquired traits. Lamarcks theories were not accepted, as they only offered an explanation, rather than proof as to why these changes occurred. Darwin (1809-1882) was born to a middle class family in Shrewsbury. Darwin quit medical school and went on to read theology, Euclid and the classics and later secured a position aboard the HMS Beagle, whose venture was to explore the unexplored waters of South America. On his travels Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands; it was here discovered and collected samples of bird fossils of geological interest to himself. On his return, Darwin studied his finding and asked John Gould (1804-1881) to classify the bird fossils. Gould identified these birds as being finches. Furthermore Darwin realised that each Galapagos island had its own species of finch that were all slightly different to each other, but all closely resembles those on the South America mainland. It was this evidence that led Darwin to believe that each of these finches had the same ancestors but each had evolved differently in order to survive in its environment. Darwin claimed that this survival was achieved through a process of natural selection. Natural selection is a process were the individuals of the species that are most suited for survival, are more likely survive and go on to reproduce therefore passing their traits onto their offspring making the pressure to evolve a continuous and gradual process, in Darwins words Natural selection acts only by taking advantage of slight successive variations; she can never take a great and sudden leap, but must advance by short and sure, though slow steps . Gradualism is an important part in evolution that does not require any individual effort. Darwin also thought that it was not only the environmental factors that affected evolution, and after reading Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Essay on the Principles of Population where Malthus claimed that if the human population was not kept in check by means of limited food supply then it would double every 25 years, Darwin also realised that the fittest individuals are the least likely to die from starvation, therefore most likely to pass on their traits. Darwin wrote about his finding and his ideas but did not publish his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (later shortened to the origin of species) for almost 17 years due to Darwins own fear of what he had discovered. Also it had been argued that Darwin had contracted an illness on his travels and many feared that he had suffered a breakdown. Darwin finally published his book in 1859 due to claims being made that Alfred Wallace had too come up with a similar theory of evolution also based on Malthusian theory. In previous writing Darwin had not specifically attached his theory of evolution to mankind; however in 1971 in his book Descent of men he stated that man has evolved from the animal kingdom. Darwins theory was one that was acceptable to society, but that is not to say by everyone. Members of the Anglican Church were upset by Darwins theory, Darwin himself was Anglican and did not like his theory for two reasons, they were evangelical and they believed in the principle of extinction. One man, Thomas Huxley (1825-1895) supported Darwins theory and saw himself as Darwins bull dog. Huxley fought with Darwins theory; it was he who presented lectures for this theory. Huxley later realised that Darwin had many of the same ideas of evolution as Lamarck. Although Darwins theory of evolution had very little to state on man the suggestion that the theory gives for the origins of the human race is immense, and he stated the in the future we will collect enough fossils that will show the gradual evolution and if we dont find that, then my theory will fall. However the fossils that have been found do not show this gradual change, they show that there have been rapid changes during periods of stability which coincides with Goulds discontinuity hypothesis. Darwins theory that we descend from animals further confirms British empiricist Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) who claimed that human behaviour is no different to that of animals. What is more, after Darwin claimed this, psychologists now look at animal behaviour when trying to understand human behaviour. In conclusion no one has been as influential in our understanding of evolution as Darwin. His theory is the basis for many others theories; however, although a valid theory, the most significant flaw is the lack of any empirical evidence.

Sport Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Sport Psychology - Essay Example It attempts to deal with the modus operandi for analysis of an athlete’s sport and the importance of specific techniques to be adopted for assessment of an athlete. Given the fact that the quest for the mental edge in competition is what sport psychology is all about, it is aimed at bridging the identified gaps by an appropriately designed psychological skills training programme. Every human being is uniquely endowed with an uncanny range of skills, depending on a wide range of physical, environmental and genetic factors. Sporting excellence too is a by-product of the balance of opposites like planning and intuition, emotion and rationale, and risk taking and restraint. In the context of any sport, high levels of performance are often a reflection of one’s ability to display these multi-faceted skills comprehensively, on demand; some can be straightaway correlated to core body performance, while some others may have bearing with the complex dual effect of mind-body responses. Any modern sport demands a judicious mix of core body performance as well as mind-body combo output with a tilt more towards the latter, which in turn is linked to one’s ability to learn, develop and perfectly master the motor performance. Motor performance in simple terms is one’s ability to learn, develop and store information for reproduction and display of a wid e range of ‘skills’, when needed. Any sport per se being competitive in nature, there is an inherent and consistent need for a healthy comparison of one individual with another or a team of sportsmen with another team, by scientifically acceptable means, with a view to raise the performance bar. It would in real terms imply comparison of the performance linked attributes of one with those of the other. Ready availability of ways and means of doing the comparison with an appropriate rationale would be the ideal prerequisites for the assessment of any sportsman or athlete, to probe

Compare and contrast a christian and jewish woman's expression of Essay

Compare and contrast a christian and jewish woman's expression of spiritual feminism - Essay Example Spirituality presents a rational way to move toward the topic of "feminism and Christianity. In the 1970s, a new event appeared inside the women's association in the United States under the name of "feminist spirituality." This movement came to Europe around 1980. It arose from the imminent that the beginning of women’s estrangement goes deeper than the divergence of sex-roles between man and woman. Its ancestry lies in the dualism between spirit and body which characterizes patriarchate itself. In the following ten to fifteen years many other new phenomena appeared which can be treated under the heading of feminist spirituality. In the first place, such spirituality has to to be one of freedom. The theological basis lies in the courage to be, which means the courage to choose life. "Life and death I give you, blessing and curse. Choose life," says the bible. Liberation spirituality starts off perturbed with and in upheaval against all structures in society and church based on man-woman relations and the resultant limitations these place on women's autonomy. as a society, women can fulfill an intercessory purpose, moving in the field of the Spirit who sets us free from all peripheral restraints. Living in the Spirit of Christ encourages us not to allow ourselves to be incarcerated any more. Liberation spirituality is therefore also a revolutionary spirituality which can be productive only if it fuses together elements of the journey to Tabor, the Transfiguration, and the return journey to the Jerusalem of death and resurrection. For liberation is finally a way to freedom: freedom to love, to celebrate ordinary life, to become open to the Mystery of our existence which we call God. There we find liberty to live carefully and to listen, which is the basis for the liberation effort. Establishing a connection between Latin-American liberation theology and feminist liberation spirituality, it strikes as important that Gustavo Gutierrez places special importance on the knowledge of God's grace. For him, "Communion with God and with all people is first and foremost a gift." Jewish: IN THE PAST TWENTY YEARS there has been a sometimes quiet, sometimes loud, but mostly unremarked rebellion in North American Jewish spirituality, based on feminism. New prayers, rituals, and speech to address theology are some of the more clear changes. Equally important are new forms of spiritual leadership, changes in mutual authority, and even telling details such as services held in circles rather than hierarchically planned arrangements. The expansion of modern Jewish feminist spirituality has rested on three approaches to ritual. The first is reinterpretation: a reconsideration of recognized sources from feminist positions. On a philosophical level, Jewish feminists have found areas of important convergence between Judaism and feminism. The most significant of these is a fundamental discrimination and valuing of interrelationship. Just as the essential feminist imminent that "the personal is political" emphasizes the associations among all those aspects of acquaintance to Jewish theology. Both perspectives imitate a wish to observe the amazing present in the mundane and to be aware of the daily choices involved in our lives, which constantly create and re-create the larger world. Finally, the link between individual liberation and social change couched in the thoughtful that "the personal is political" has been a characteristic of Jewish thought since biblical times. As compared to models of spirituality that highli ght indifference or otherworldliness, Jewish spirituality is entrenched in the interrelationship among study (in the better sense of learning and teaching), prayer (including manifestation common visions and public festivity), and social work for justice. In contrast to other spiritual ethnicity, such as Christianity or Buddhism, Judaism has no historical models of a women's spiritual society. Separatist Jewish feminism has busted momentous new

Decision Making Process

Decision Making Process 1.0 INTRODUCTION: Globalism is the term that being mentioned everywhere in the field of business at present. Thus, due to lots of new developments and emerging techniques are introduced in the organizations very rapidly, creates a number of problems in the field of management. The problem solving and decision-making process begins when recognizing the problem, experiencing pressure to act on it, and the resources to resolve the problem. This can be done only by a manager, whose key roles are solving problems and making decisions. He must recognize problems, make a decision, initiate an action, and evaluate the results. It is difficult to make good decisions without good planning. Generally, a problem can be solved by thinking about the issue and making logical decisions. These are mostly assumptions that can predict the decisions that are being formulated as a result of the problems. This can also be given as rational thinking of the organizational problem solving strategy can be benefited by a positi ve result. 2.0 WHAT IS RATIONALITY? Rationality is related to the idea of reason, referring to thinking that gives an account or an explanation. Rationality and reason are the key methods used to analyze the data gathered through systematically gathered observations. It also gives the success of goal attainment. Rationality is equated with behavior that is self-interested to the point of being selfish. Whereas, irrationality refers to talking or acting without regard to rationality. Peoples actual interests differ from what they believe to be their interests. Mechanisms that have evolved to give optimal behavior in normal conditions lead to irrational behavior in abnormal conditions. Thus, rational behavior in an organization is nothing but having sound judgment and practical implementation. There are 2 types of rationality that are existed. They are: Mathematical Rationality Functional Rationality 2.1 Mathematical rationality: Mathematics can be used to formulate objective knowledge. The mathematical formulation enables us to express the knowledge of reality with a maximum degree of objectivity. There are number of possible conceptions of mathematics, it is open to the risk of choosing different hypotheses, a risk which is technically called undesirability. 2.2 Functional rationality: Functional rationality prevails in an organization of human activities in which the thought, knowledge, and reflection of the participants are virtually unnecessary; men become part of a mechanical process in which each is assigned a functional position and role. What they forfeit in creativity and initiative is gained by the organization as a whole and contributes, presumably, to its greater efficiency. Bureaucratic organizations strive for maximum functional rationality. 2.3 SCIENTIFIC RATIONALITY: The history of science constitutes the evident for the concept of rationality. A good theory of rationality must fit the history of science. A methodology for scientific rationality is a theory of rationality, it tells us what is rational and what is not in specific cases. Always accept the theory with the greatest degree of confirmation. 3.0 ADVANTAGES OF RATIONALITY: Thinking rationally means thinking logically. Rational thoughts will be always right and true. Its a sole source of knowledge. Rational thinking gives confidence. It helps to make decisions. Rational decision making is good for incremental, linear causality. Can solve problems incase of critical situations. Gives independent thinking and meaningful orientation. There is a traditional ingrained habituation. It avoids a value-laden assessment. It ultimately leads to self-awareness. 4.0 LIMITATIONS TO RATIONALITY: The incompleteness of formal logical systems can be an incontrovertible truth. An arithmetical statement is true but not provable in the theory. Any theory capable of expressing elementary arithmetic cannot be both consistent and complete. Rationality is arbitrary, subjective and incapable of describing something completely. Rational approach will always fail eventually. It evaluates uncertainty. 5.0 APPLICATIONS OF RATIONALITY: There are different applications of rationality. They can be classified into normative and positive forms of applications. They are: The firm acts rationally and this is to predict behavior. For example the firm makes decisions according to options that can predict the behavior of the firm. The firm will be a better off if it makes its decision following a rule derived from rational analysis. For example using an options formula will improve a firms capital allocation. The user must verify that the environment fits the assumptions of the model. For example, the assumptions made in mathematics model derivations should be true of the strategic context. Instead of presenting a mathematical model, the general implications of a theory can be taken and applied without working out mathematics. These applications run the real risk that the assumptions of the model are not checked for their fit with the real world. 6.0 PROBLEM SOLVING: Problem solving forms part of thinking, the most complex of all intellectual functions. Problem Solving has been defined as higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills. It occurs if an artificial intelligence system does not know how to proceed from a given state to a desired goal state. It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem shaping. The problem-solving process operates under awareness versus outside of awareness, and typically employs mathematically well-defined computerized systems. Problem-solving often involves decision-making, and decision-making is especially important for management and leadership. There are many approaches to problem solving, depending on the nature of the problem and the people involved in the problem. The more traditional, rational approach is typically used and involves. There are many techniques for problem-solving. They are: Challenge your assumptions Lateral thinking Divide and conquer Hill-climbing strategy Trail and error Brainstorming Morphological analysis Hypothesis testing Root-cause analysis Break big problems down Ask three people Write down the problem Change your perspective Generalization and specialization Working backwards These techniques can be applied to an organization by using certain tools. They are: Extracting maximum information from facts Appreciation Understanding problems in detail Drill-Down Identifying possible causes of problems Cause Effect Diagrams Understanding how a process works Flow Charts Understanding the way factors affect one-another Systems Diagrams Analyzing Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats SWOT Analysis Making Cash Flow Forecasts with Spreadsheets Methods of Risk Analysis Understanding where the power lies Porters Five Forces Understanding the big picture PEST Analysis Identifying what really matters to customers Value Chains Find your competitive edge with USP Analysis For example, taking my own organizational experience (I-Tech Ppl Staffing Solution, Chennai, India) we had certain issues relating to location change in our organization where we used some techniques like morphological analysis, etc. we also used certain tools in relation to the problem solving technique i.e. SWOT Analysis and PEST Analysis for solving our organizational problems. 7.0 DECISION-MAKING: Decision making can be regarded as an outcome of mental processes (cognitive process) leading to the selection of a course of action among several alternatives. Every decision making process produces a final choice. The output can be an action or an opinion. Human performance in decision making terms has been subject of active research from several perspectives. From a psychological perspective, it is necessary to examine individual decisions in the context of a set of needs, references an individual has and values he/she seeks. From a cognitive perspective, the decision making process must be regarded as a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the environment. From a normative perspective, the analysis of individual decisions is concerned with the logic of decision making and rationality. The decision-making process can be explained by two different models. They are: Garbage Can Model Carnegie Model GARBAGE CAN MODEL: The Garbage Can Model of organizational choice was formulated by Cohen, March and Oslen. The Garbage Can Model deals with the pattern or flow of multiple decisions within organization. It was developed to explain the pattern of decision-making in organizations that experience extremely high uncertainty. It was developed in reference to ambiguous behaviors, i.e. explanations/interpretations of behaviors which at least appear to contradict classical theory. The Garbage Can Model was greatly influenced by the realization that extreme cases of aggregate uncertainty in decision environments would trigger behavioral responses which, at least from a distance, appear irrational or at least not in compliance with the total/global rationality of economic man†. An organized Anarchy can be caused by three characteristics: Problematic Preferences Unclear, poorly understood technology Turnover The theoretical breakthrough of the Garbage Can Model is that it disconnects problems, solutions and decision makers from each other, unlike traditional decision theory. Specific decisions do not follow an orderly process from problem to solution, but are outcomes of several relatively independent streams of events within the organization. THE STREAMS OF EVENTS: PROBLEMS Problems require attention, they are the result of performance gaps or the inability to predict the future. Thus, problems may originate inside or outside the organization. Traditionally, it has been assumed that problems trigger decision processes; if they are sufficiently grave, this may happen. Usually, however, organization man goes through the garbage and looks for a suitable fix, called a solution. SOLUTIONS They have a life of their own. They are distinct from problems which they might be called on to solve. Solutions are answers looking for a question. Participants may have ideas for solutions; they may be attracted to specific solutions and volunteer to play the advocate. Only trivial solutions do not require advocacy and preparations. Significant solutions have to be prepared without knowledge of the problems they might have to solve. CHOICE OPPORTUNITIES There are occasions when organizations are expected to produce behavior that can be called a decision. Just like politicians cherish photo opportunities, organization man needs occasional decision opportunities for reasons unrelated to the decision itself. PARTICIPANTS They come and go; participation varies between problems and solutions. Participation may vary depending on the other time demands of participants. Participants may have favorite problems or favorite solutions which they carry around with them. The organizational decision making generally takes on a random quality. When a problem arises a solution can be proposed by the participants. Equal opportunities should be given to all the staffs in an organization. For example, considering my own organizational experience, our organization was suffering from poor training process. Our Manager was welcoming some volunteers to give some good suggestions to improve the process of training process. Thus, I and my colleagues worked on this by gathering information from many sources. We conducted a survey in many big organizations about the training methods that are being followed by them. Then, finally we ended up by giving certain logical ideas as well which formed to be the good solution for the training methods. Thus, rational thinking is important for solving any kind of problem in an organization. Equal opportunities were given to all the employees in our organization. Thus, the problem was solved using the kind of Garbage Can Model. PROBLEMS CHOICE OF OPPORTUNITIES MANAGEMENT PARTICIPANT SOLUTION Fig. 1.0 represents the Garbage Can Model of decision-making. Source: Self CARNEGIE MODEL: The Carnegie model was formulated by Richard Cyert, James March and Herbert Simon. This helped to formulate the bounded rational approach to individual decision making that can provide new insights about organizational decisions. An organizational decision-making involves coalition choice made by the mangers. It means the relationship among the managers who take decisions about organizational goals and problems. The organizational goals are mostly unstructured and contradictory. The mangers can be rational but function with human cognitive limitations. The coalition process has several steps starting with satisfactory decision that can be suggested for the performance to achieve goals. Continued by an immediate environment for resolving a problem can be suggested by some managers. Finally, for identifying the exact problem identification stage of decision making can be done by discussion and bargaining. Coalition forms to be the major part of organizational decision making process. Thus, the solution should be quick, simple and cost-effective. For example, we can consider fire security measures, which help to solve the problem initially by creating an environment suitable for solving the problem. They also get prepared with the pre-requisites needed to solve the problem satisfactorily. This method does not need a discussion or bargaining as the steps are taken immediately once the problem is been observed or indentified. These two models can be used to solve the problem of decision-making in an organization. But certain methodology has to be followed for making a decision successfully. The best method is Systems Intervention Strategy. 8.0 SYSTEMS INTERVENTION STRATEGY [SIS]: Its a family of ‘systems approaches based on systems ideas. To move from a completely unstructured problem situation to a situation in which viable options can be modeled and comprehensively evaluated before successful implementation, which can be done by SIS. We can integrate SIS into Systems thinking Personal mastery Knowledge of mental models Building shared vision Team leading There are three overlapping phases of SIS. They are: 8.1 DIAGNOSIS: Initially, the problem should be identified and analyzed. This can help to change problems, develop a perspective and spell out the purposes of change. The diagnosis process initially starts with ‘entry by recognizing the change. This is followed by description process that gives the structure and other views on the change. The objectives and the constraints are identified that helps to formulate measures for the objectives. 8.2 DESIGN: Different methods are suggested to solve the problems and new methods are explored. A range of options can be generated and the models can be selected accordingly. 8.3 IMPLEMENTATION: The change can be carried out by developing the tactics for bringing out the desired change. These options are evaluated against the measures by designing the implementation strategy by carrying through the planned changes. DIAGNOSIS IMPLEMENTATION DESIGN Fig. 2.0 represents the three overlapping phases of SIS. Source: For example, taking my organizational experience where we had the problem of completing the projects on time. Thus, our manager first recognized the root-cause for delayed project completion. Then the reason was analyzed by getting other employees point of view by arranging for some special meetings to resolve the issue. He also conducted some surveys to find proper measure for the problem. Logical thinking and rationalistic view can give a right solution for the problem solving in the organization which was done by our manager. Then, the proper measures like giving incentives, improved employee facilitation will be given to the employees who finish their job on-time, were been formulated by him. He also had different options like improving the pantry facilities, parking facilities and other dress-code were been suggested to us. Where we were allowed to choose the best option that can be exhibited completely. Then finally, the results were evaluated and they are implemented. This was then carried out successfully in our organization. 9.0 CONCLUSION: Any kind of organizational problems can be solved by rational thinking and strategical planning. This can also be supplemented with certain types of model or theory implementation. Analyzing and identifying the root-cause of the problem helps in clear decision-making. Thus, proper detection of the problem paves way for proper solution for that problem in an organization.