Learn More About How Communication Media Has Evolved

Learn More About How Communication Media Has Evolved Smart newspapermen of the time paid attention when the telegraph was invented. The New York Herald, the Sun and the Tribune had been founded recently. The proprietors of these newspapers saw that the telegraph was bound to affect all newspapers profoundly. How were the newspapers to cope with the situation and make use of the news that was coming in and would be coming in more and faster over the wires? Improved Newspaper Presses For one thing, the newspapers now needed better printing machinery. Steam-powered printing in America had begun. New printing presses were introduced in the United States by Robert Hoe at the same time as Samuel Morse was struggling to perfect the telegraph. Before steam power, newspapers printed in the United States used presses operated by hand. The New York Sun, the pioneer of cheap modern newspapers, was printed by hand in 1833, and four hundred papers an hour was the highest speed of one press. Robert Hoes double-cylinder, steam-driven printing press was an improvement, however, it was Hoes son that invented the modern newspaper press. In 1845, Richard March Hoe invented the revolving or rotary press letting newspapers print at rates of a hundred thousand copies an hour. Newspaper publishers now had the fast Hoe presses, cheap paper, could type cast by machinery, had stereotyping and the new process of making pictures by photoengraving replacing engraving on wood. However, the newspapers of 1885, still set up their type by the same method that Benjamin Franklin used to set up the type for The Pennsylvania Gazette. The compositor stood or sat at his case, with his copy before him, and picked the type up letter by letter until he had filled and correctly spaced a line. Then he would set another line, and so on, all with his hands. After the job was completed, the type had to be distributed again, letter by letter. Typesetting was slow and expensive. Linotype and Monotype This labor of manual typesetting was done away with by the invention of two intricate and ingenious machines. The linotype, invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler of Baltimore, and the monotype of Tolbert Lanston, a native of Ohio. However, the linotype became the favorite composing machine for newspapers. The Invention of the Typewriter While  new  technology for printing newspapers was being developed, another instrument for journalists was coming into existence, the  typewriter. Early Typewriters Alfred Ely Beach made  a sort of typewriter  as early as 1847, but he neglected it for other things. His typewriter had many of the features of the modern typewriter, however, it lacked a satisfactory method of  inking  the types. In 1857, S. W. Francis of New York invented  a typewriter  with a ribbon that was saturated with ink. Neither of these typewriters  were  a commercial success. They were regarded merely as the toys of ingenious men. Christopher Latham Sholes The accredited father of the typewriter was Wisconsin newspaperman, Christopher Latham Sholes. After his printers went on strike, Sholes made a few unsuccessful attempts to invent a typesetting  machine. He then, in collaboration with another printer, Samuel Soule, invented a numbering  machine. A friend, Carlos Glidden saw this ingenious device and suggested that they should try to invent  a machine  that print letters. The three men, Sholes, Soule, and Glidden agreed to try to invent such  a machine. None of them had studied the efforts of previous experimenters, and they made many errors which might have been avoided. Gradually, however, the invention took form and the inventors were granted patents in June and July of 1868. However, their typewriter was easily broken and made mistakes. Investor, James Densmore bought a share in the machine buying out Soule and Glidden. Densmore furnished the funds to build about thirty models in succession, each a little better than the preceding. The improved machine was patented in 1871, and the partners felt that they were ready to begin manufacturing. Sholes Offers the Typewriter to Remington In 1873, James Densmore and Christopher Sholes offered their machine to Eliphalet Remington and Sons, manufacturers of firearms and sewing machines. In Remingtons well-equipped machine  shops  the typewriter was tested, strengthened, and improved. The Remingtons believed there would be a demand for the typewriter and offered to buy the patents, paying either a lump  sum,  or a royalty. Sholes preferred the ready cash and received twelve thousand dollars, while Densmore chose the royalty and received a million and a half. The Invention of the Phonograph The telegraph, the press, and the typewriter were agents of communication for the written word. The telephone was an agent for the spoken word. Another instrument for recording sound and reproducing it was the phonograph (record player). In 1877,  Thomas Alva Edison  completed his first  phonograph. The phonograph worked by translating the air vibrations created by the human voice into minute indentations on a sheet of tinfoil placed over a metallic cylinder, and the machine could then reproduce the sounds which had caused the indentations. The record wore out after a few reproductions, however, and Edison was too busy to develop his idea further until later. Other did. Phonograph machines  were invented under a variety of different names, however, all reproduced with wonderful fidelity the human voice, in speech or song, and the tones of either a single instrument or a whole orchestra. Through these machines, good music was brought to those who could hear it in no other way. The Camera and Photography The last half century of the 1800s saw great advances in photography and photoengraving. While the first experiments in photography happened in Europe,  Samuel Morse, introduced photography to America, in particular to his friend John Draper. Draper had a part in the perfection of the  dry plate  (the first negatives) and was one of the  first photographers to  do  portrait photography. George Eastman A great inventor in  photographic  technology was  George Eastman  from Rochester, New York. In 1888,  George Eastman  introduced a  new camera, which he called Kodak, and with it the sales slogan: You press the button, we do the rest. The  first Kodak  camera was pre-loaded with a roll of sensitized paper (film) that could take a hundred pictures.  A film roll  that could be sent away for developing and printing (at first the entire camera was sent). Eastman had been an amateur photographer when the hobby was both expensive and tedious. After inventing a method of making dry plates, he began to manufacture them as early as 1880 before invented  roll film. After the first Kodak, there came other cameras filled with rolls of sensitized nitro-cellulose film. The invention of cellulose film (that replaced the glass dry plate) revolutionized photography. Both Reverend Hannibal Goodwin and George Eastman patented nitro-cellulose film, however, after a court battle Goodwins patent was upheld as being first. The  Eastman Kodak Company  introduced the first film cartridge which could be inserted or removed without the need of a dark room, that created a boom in the market for amateur photographers. The Birth of Motion Pictures In the development of  Thomas Alva Edison  played a large part. Edison had seen a crude system made of Henry Heyl of Philadelphia. Heyl used glass plates fixed to the circumference of a wheel, each plate rotated in front of a lens. This method of pictures in motions was slow and expensive. Edison after seeing the Heyl show, and after experimenting with other methods decided that a continuous tape-like strip of film needed to be used. He invented the first practical motion picture camera and with the cooperation of  George Eastman  started producing the new tape-like film, giving birth to the modern motion picture industry.  The motion picture projector  was invented to show what the new camera and film captured. Other inventors, such as Paul in England and  Lumiere  in France, produced other types of projecting machines, which differed in some mechanical details. Public Reaction to Motion Pictures When  the motion picture  was shown in the United States, the audiences were amazed. Popular actors moved from stage into the movies. In the small town, early movie theaters were often converted storeroom, and in the cities, some of the largest and most attractive theaters converted into movie theaters, and new theaters were specially built. The Eastman Company soon manufactured about ten thousand miles of film every month. Besides offering amusement, the new moving pictures were used for important news events, historical events could now be visually preserved for posterity.

Things you probably didn`t know about British student life

Things you probably didn`t know about British student life Interesting facts from the history of British student life British student life was quite interesting and exciting even during the Middle Ages. It was full of various traditions, riots, revelries, and characters†¦ Women were not always welcome in academia The male students of Cambridge University didn`t want female students to be granted with the full degrees. In 1897, they hung an effigy of a female cyclist from Cambridge Senate House to show their disapproval. Only in 1948 women could finally get the full degrees. In the late 19th century the first female colleges were established. Women had the opportunity to receive education. However, their student life was not easy. Female students were narrowly watched and tightly scheduled. The violent student protests There was an increasing tension between the local people and Oxford`s students. The St Scholastica Day riot of 1355 became the bloodiest conflict in British student history. There was a violent pub brawl between two scholars and the taverner. After that, the armed struggle began. The medical students had the conflict over vivisection which lasted almost seven years. They scuffled with police, let off stink bombs during court cases, and attacked effigies of a local magistrate. In 1907 a lot of students marched on London in order to defend their rights. In 2010 the student protests spilled over into violence on the streets of London. Students breached the peace, smashing windows, throwing eggs, and setting off the smoke bombs. As a result, 153 students were arrested. The admittance of the young students Nowadays, a lot of the senior students can laugh at the freshmen, who can behave like little children. However, during the Tudor and Stuart periods it was quite normal to admit the students in the age of 12 to the university. The process of gaining a university degree was very long. Those young students could impress their tutors with the astonishing knowledge of different languages and subjects. The boundless merrymaking Students have enjoyed a bit of revelry since the earliest times. St Andrews University is known for its party atmosphere. The tradition of the ‘Raising Weekend’ was something special. Students had several days of parties and challenges which usually ended with a foam fight. That is how the academic family welcomed its freshmen. In the 16th century, the students of Cambridge University usually entertained their peers with the satirical comedies. Everybody was drinking and singing until the morning. They even made fun of the local people. Sometimes, such celebrations could be uncontrollable, so the university authorities were forced to ban such revelry for three years. A warm welcome of foreign students Foreign students could study at the British universities since the 12th century. Many of them faced suspicion, hostility, discrimination, and prejudice. However, a large number pained a positive picture of their student life in Britain as a foreigner. Edward Atiyah, who was born in the Ottoman Empire, was treated with friendliness and kindness while studying at Oxford. He didn`t feel that he was a stranger among the English people. He had positive experience of studying in another country. Samuel Satthianadhan was the Indian student, who studied at Cambridge in the 1870s. He felt himself quite comfortable studying with British students. He had not any feeling of awkwardness. Moreover, the British universities welcomed a lot of the refugee students during the two world wars. Student life was remarkably regulated The student life was not always the time of freedom. In the Middle Ages, students` behavior and morals were significantly controlled. Students were supposed to be sober in character and honest in life. They hadn`t enough time for the extra-curricular activities they were interested in. Students practices archery or took walks speaking in Latin. In 1410 the authorities of Oxford University issued a decree which enforced the students to live in the university halls to prevent them from visiting brothels and taverns at night. Universities weren`t just for the rich It is a popular belief that only children from the wealthy families could study at the first British universities. The medieval Oxford, St Andrews, and Cambridge admitted students from the middle-ranking families. By the 17th century the sizarships were established. Sizars had to work as university servants in order to pay the reduced fees. It was rather degrading for them, but such early bursary system gave many bright minds the opportunity to get the higher education.

Enterprise Resource Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Enterprise Resource Planning - Essay Example Therefore, it becomes essential to revamp these to attain maximum output within the existing resources. The process of revisiting the existing performances, processes or parameters in order to revamp them and improve them to make goals and targets more achievable is called Business Process Re-engineering. They are also denoted by the terms, Business Process Re-design or Business Process Improvement. ERP systems are a single interface integrated systems that enable data sharing and complete management control throughout the organization over multiple departments. It encompasses all aspects of the organization from planning to delivery. Although in theory these systems are supposed to be extraordinarily useful in concept but in reality there are a number of failed implementations of ERP, a very few documented but most of them not being recorded for fear of publicity. ERP systems are expensive and time consuming and therefore failure of the implementation often spells disaster for the company. The ability to utilize and expand on the existing system and put it to better use often demarcates success and failure for the organization Enterprise resource planning is employed to plan and manage the available resources in a company. It is basically an integrated software system that manages the entire range of business processes inclusive of purchase, inventory control, personnel, shipping and financials among an exhaustive list. In essence, an ERP is typically a single database platform of complete information sharing allowing the comprehensive range of inputs and outputs from and to all the departments Challenges in the Implementation of ERP Systems It is clear that for an ERP system to be successfully implemented, they have to be integrated with all the processes and procedures in the enterprise. This is necessary since this integration helps them to function as an entity and enable it to work effectively. When implemented correctly they add enormous value to the company but when not properly implemented, they may poses risks to the company in the industry and business environment, user or management behavior, create bottlenecks in the processes and system functionalities, and jeopardize ongoing business continuity and maintenance time frames. Because the nature of ERP is such that it's a company wide concern, all the risks associated with it need to be looked at as a whole, with respect to organization vision. It cannot be controlled in isolation with respect to a single process alone but has to be considered in close alignment to business objectives and organization goals. Any process that is to be integrated into the enterprise must be evaluated for its capability to meet organizational goals. Once the process has been identified to be integrated, then it is prudent that the process is considered a " best" practice

In what ways has technology ended the physical and intellectual Research Paper

In what ways has technology ended the physical and intellectual isolation of Americans - Research Paper Example revolution. This â€Å"technological determinism† incorporated technology and science in impacting the society and its processes; thus widely accepted by progress-oriented Americans. Believers of humankind’s steady moral and material improvement such as Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin championed the pursuit of science and technology for human betterment. The twentieth century commenced with the advent of professional advertising associated with dominance of technology. Challenges were however unavoidable especially with the social, economic and emotional effects that technological change posed on human life. While adherents were constantly swayed by its dynamism, scholars of technology and culture wondered how something so evidently wrong-headed attracted so much attention. It is therefore evident that the leaders of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment in their faith and enthusiasm toward technology as a liberating force perceived technological determinism as an intellectual heritage. Additionally, the proponents and skeptics in addition to conjuring the deterministic thinking both believed that technology and science were powerful social change agents.

Native Americans vs American Settlers Essay Example for Free

Native Americans vs American Settlers Essay There are a number of dissimilarities between the Native Americans and the American Settlers. Although the Native Americans wanted to live in peace with American Settlers, their cultural differences led to warfare. This essay will compare and contrast a couple differences of these two cultures. I will discuss both groups opinion on land and resources. Then, I will explain both groups’ views on Nature. Native Americans Conserved land and viewed its resources as scared, while the Americans felt as though the land was nothing but opportunity for their colonies. While hunting, Native Americans used every piece of the animal from the hide to the bones and everything in between. They respected the land and believed it belonged to mother-nature, so it could not be owned or sold. On the other hand, American settlers viewed the land and its resources as limitless opportunity. It is little wonder they went land-mad, because there was so much of it† (Steinbeck 69). They invaded the lands claiming territory, killing buffalo, and plowing through the grassy plains to make room for their crops. American settlers often fought to try to obtain land that they thought was free for the taking, whereas, the Native Americans tried to live in harmony with nature and its inhabitants. In the movie, We Shall Remain, Native Americans would try and negotiate with the Americans only to be threatened with the violence of warfare. Native Americans believed the creator put everything on this earth to live together and be used respectfully. They accepted nature and did not try to change it. The American settlers, however, didn’t hold the same beliefs. â€Å"The railroads brought new hordes of land-crazy people, and the new Americans moved like locust across the continent†¦ Coal and copper drew them on; they savaged the land, gold-dredged the rivers to skeletons of pebbles and debris† (Steinbeck 69). They viewed nature as nothing more than an obstacle and commodity. American settlers engaged in warfare, defending what they thought they discovered, to claim as their own. They were land hungry and the more they got, they more they wanted. American colonist never tried to understand the Native American’s culture. Instead they tried to push their European based ways onto them. This, in turn, caused a number of wars between the two. Sometimes it’s better to agree to disagree rather than to wage war on what is believed to be right/wrong.

Genetically Transgenic Crops :: Argumentative Persuasive Farming Essays Papers

Genetically Transgenic Crops In today’s society, farming has become far more complicated than one could imagine. In farming, the procedure involves a lot more than the raising of cattle and the planting of specific seeds into the soil or land fields. Yes, there is a lot more to worry about besides just the physical aspect of it. There are also decisions which have to be made in order to begin farming correctly and safely. Decisions which pose the question of should, and will the transgenic crops process be followed through nationwide? Our population may not even realize it; but the much needed decisions as this that will determine the fate of our world as we know it. At the cutting edge of technology and science, there seems to be a large debate about whether or not commercial plantings of transgenic crops are allowed. This is the issue at hand. One of the countries facing this conflict is Britain. The situation in Britain is just like the article written by Jim Giles which is titled, â€Å"Damned if they do damned if they don’t†. This article basically states that there is a huge problem with the idea of genetically modified crops being supported. I feel that his opinion on the subject matters, just as my scientific opinion does, because it is the population of the people that truly matters. The government wants to support the biotech industry, but on the other hand, it also wants to appease its closest ally, which happens to be the United States. Commercial cultivation of genetically, modified crops is an argument that is said to have been played out in Britain over any other country. In Britain, the government has prepared for decision time by conducting the largest trial of genetically modified crops ever, and they are looking forward to gathering as much evidence about their impact on biodiversity as possible. The outcome is bound to influence the debate in other countries where similar skirmishes are taking place. In the developing world, there are some areas that are for transgenic crops; such as sub-Saharan Africa which is emerging as an important new battleground. Other’s are not sure if they are for it or not; and a few are India and China. As a matter of fact, they are not even really concerned about this issue, but more concerned about whether or not the transgenic technologies will be from agribiotech or home-grown. Genetically Transgenic Crops :: Argumentative Persuasive Farming Essays Papers Genetically Transgenic Crops In today’s society, farming has become far more complicated than one could imagine. In farming, the procedure involves a lot more than the raising of cattle and the planting of specific seeds into the soil or land fields. Yes, there is a lot more to worry about besides just the physical aspect of it. There are also decisions which have to be made in order to begin farming correctly and safely. Decisions which pose the question of should, and will the transgenic crops process be followed through nationwide? Our population may not even realize it; but the much needed decisions as this that will determine the fate of our world as we know it. At the cutting edge of technology and science, there seems to be a large debate about whether or not commercial plantings of transgenic crops are allowed. This is the issue at hand. One of the countries facing this conflict is Britain. The situation in Britain is just like the article written by Jim Giles which is titled, â€Å"Damned if they do damned if they don’t†. This article basically states that there is a huge problem with the idea of genetically modified crops being supported. I feel that his opinion on the subject matters, just as my scientific opinion does, because it is the population of the people that truly matters. The government wants to support the biotech industry, but on the other hand, it also wants to appease its closest ally, which happens to be the United States. Commercial cultivation of genetically, modified crops is an argument that is said to have been played out in Britain over any other country. In Britain, the government has prepared for decision time by conducting the largest trial of genetically modified crops ever, and they are looking forward to gathering as much evidence about their impact on biodiversity as possible. The outcome is bound to influence the debate in other countries where similar skirmishes are taking place. In the developing world, there are some areas that are for transgenic crops; such as sub-Saharan Africa which is emerging as an important new battleground. Other’s are not sure if they are for it or not; and a few are India and China. As a matter of fact, they are not even really concerned about this issue, but more concerned about whether or not the transgenic technologies will be from agribiotech or home-grown.

Comparing Willy Loman from Death of a Salesman and Joe Keller from All My Sons

|HUM 102 – 020 | |Considering Willy and Joe | |Research Paper | | | |Kofi Boadi | |March 25, 2010 | Willy Loman from Death of A Salesman and Joe Keller from All My Sons, have similarities in their courses of action which prove detrimental to | |their families and ultimately leads to their suicidal ends. | A person’s ambition causes him to work and continue moving forward with expectations of reaching an ideal end. His ideological idiosyncrasy, however, determines the manner of choices he will make to reach his expected end. These conditions are not different in the case of Willy Loman and Joe Keller. They are men who begin with a drive for success which originates from their expectations of reaching some ideal goals. They make choices based on their ideologies, and hold fast to them throughout their journeys. Nevertheless their courses of action adversely contribute to their reputation and eventually result in suicide. Though they make very sacrificial investments toward their objectives, they remain unachieved. To understand their desires, it is necessary to consider the goals for which these men strive. â€Å"If an effect is intended or desired, or a goal is established and pursued, this suggests that it is  valued. Evaluative standards are derived from goals which, in turn, are based on values. Trisel)† Willy Loman fancies himself as a salesman who works till he’s old, and then stays at home, where he works by means of a telephone. Willy’s ambition is stimulated by an eighty-four year old man whose life he had experienced; he aims at that old man’s life and expects a similar turn out for himself. Willy is also exceedingly enthusiastic about his sons, especially Bi ff, who in his high school years seemed to be very full of potential. He expected only great things for Biff and probably expected to achieve greatness through him. Joe Keller also loves his sons and wants to leave them a heritage. He’s solely determined to work hard and establish a thriving business for his sons to carry on after he’s dead; something significant for which his sons may appreciate him. Similarly these men have goals that are centered on their sons. This shows how valuable their sons are to them. Work Cited Trisel, Brooke Alan. â€Å"Futility and the Meaning of Life Debate. † Sorites 14. 2002: 70-84. SORITES and Brooke Alan Trisel. Web. 10 Mar. 2010.

Cypop 5 Essay

It helps children to deal with difficult circumstances such as emotional stress or medical treatments. Play gives children chance to let off steam and have fun. Children learn when they are in a safe and caring environment. They are stimulated through play. Babies and young children develop best when they are in a caring relationship with an adult. A baby will learn to walk faster when they have a safe pair of arms to walk towards and learn to talk when they have an adult who listens to them and responds accordingly. I aim to provide children with an environment that is caring, fun and stimulating. I aim to expand each childs individual, intellectual, physical and emotional capacities within a secure environment where each child, will be confident and settled. I will implement ideas from the EYFS and I will provide activities/opportunities that support the six main learning areas which are : * Knowledge Understanding Of the World * Personal social and emotional development * Communication language and literacy * Creative Development * Physical Development * Problem solving, Reasoning and Numeracy. Each child will be able to choose their own activities and access continuous provision throughout these six areas. Activities will be both planned and spontaneous according to your child’s preference. My weekly plan will be dependent on the children in my care and their ages and stages of development although I will be attending various groups and clubs within the local area that I live. Sample weekly plan: Morning afternoon Monday – outdoor playchildren’s centre childminders group Tuesday -soft indoor play (wacky)creative play/ arts and crafts Wednesday-country park/ play areachildren’s centre playgroup Thursday – baking/cookingoutdoor play Friday – children’s centre groupindoor play at home Play can be constructed to fulfil areas of the EYFS, especially any areas where a child may be struggling, such as Playing with sand – Texture, Weight, Pouring through containers, colours, measuring, shapes, make sand castles etc this can link to the following areas of the EYFS– personal development – personal, social and emotional development – creative development – communication language and literacy All of the above would be flexible dependant on the children and any new sessions that can be accessed. Before any weekly plan can be made you would need to observe the children in your care to produce a plan that is appropriate to their development this will also help identify when to add/remove new toys/resources. I will use Natural resources and household items to provide stimulating play for the children to look after such as Sawdust and Bark for dinosaur play, jugs, funnels, guttering for water play, blankets pillows and throws and pegs for den building and communication friendly spaces etc. All children are individuals first, each with a unique profile of abilities. All planning starts with observing children in order to understand and consider their interests, development and learning. I will make systematic observations and assessments of each child’s achievements ,interests and learning styles. I will use these observations and assessments to identify learning priorities and plan relevant and motivating learning experiences for each child that I care for. I will match their observations to the expectations of the development matters principles. I will need to make regular observations on each child, using different techniques. These may include photographs, tick lists written observations and photographs. Where a child is not achieving their development goals I may then decide to speak to the parents regarding accessing other services for the child. All children need to feel valued and given the same options. I will ensure that children, parents/carers and visitors have equal rights and choices. Everyone will be given the respect that we all deserve as individuals. No person will be discriminated against and any remarks or comments of this kind will be challenged and discussed to ensure that it does not happen again. I welcome and include all children, their families and members of the community into my setting and I will ensure my setting is accessible to everyone. If a child in my care had specific requirements, certain changes would be made to the interior and exterior of my premises, dependent on the individuals circumstances. Certain activities are also adapted. All the children who come to my setting will have the same opportunities available to them. I am aware of the following legislation, The Children’s Act, The disability Act, UN convention on the Right of the Child, The children’s Bill 2004 and the Special Educational Needs Discrimination Act 2001. I will talk to different specialist groups, health visitors and read appropriate books to learn more about the condition and needs of the child, thus enabling me to provide the best possible care. If a child required assistance from a speech therapist or occupational therapist, then this could be arranged at my setting if it was more convenient for parents. I will do displays and have equipment in my setting that promotes a positive multi cultural attitude. I welcome parents/carers and visitors to talk about cultures, religions, food, clothes etc. I will never refuse or exclude a child. I will build on each child’s previous experience when accessing play opportunities. I will enable children to gain confidence and independence in play and identify individual requirements and provide appropriate support as/when required. I will also borrow and gain resources to enhance the inclusion of children with mobility or sensory difficulties. During snack time I will encourage children to help where appropriate eg. Older children could help butter crackers, or younger children could help divide fruit onto plates, I will encourage the children to help prepare our shopping list for the week for snacks and mealtimes and also encourage them to help with the meal plan for the week. During our week I will plan our activites a sample week could include : Monday : AM – Childrens centre drop in PM – Park – weather dependant Tuesday AM – Wacky Warehouse PM – play at home LEGO, PUZZLES and nap time Wednesday AM –

buy custom Eat, Pray, Love essay

buy custom Eat, Pray, Love essay Eat, Pray, Love: One Womans Search for Everything Across Italy, India, and Indonesia is a memoir written by Elizabeth Gilbert, an American author. This book was published in February 2006 by the Vikings. After its publishing, this book became The New York Times Best Seller for several months. In this book, she writes her personal experience in travelling across the world after she has divorced with her husband. The book is all about a womans journey in seeking to be healed from spiritual and emotional crisis. Elizabeth Gilbert is in her mid thirties, married and lives in a nice modern house. Despite all these, she becomes unhappy in the marriage due to the fact that she has chosen not to have any children of her own. On the contrary, the husband is desperately in need of a child. This becomes the source of trouble in this marriage and Gilbert thus resorts to be sleeping on her bathrooms floor. In the end she decides to file for a divorce, something contested by the husband. They try to renew their love but it still seems to be a struggle. She becomes confused as things do not work as per her expectations. Her decisions seem to contravene the normal traditional American lifestyle where women are expected to have children and bring them up in a family. She therefore decides to travel to different countries, that is; Italy, India, and Indonesia to try and find out how to more of her situation. She does this to compare what she is going through with the happenings in those countries. She tries to find a culture or a situation that suits her and that can also offer a solution to her situation. She writes, I wanted to explore one aspect of myself set against a backdrop of each country in a place that has traditionally that one thing very well. She continues by writing, I wanted to explore the art of pleasure in Italy, the art of devotion in India, and in Indonesia, the art of balancing the two (Gilbert, E., 2006). Gilberts journey is funded by an advance for this book even before she writes it. Body Gilbert effectively uses the experiences she gets in her one years journey to bring out her prowess in to the international stage. In Italy, she describes Messina town as a scary and suspicious Cilician port town she continues. Its not my fault that ugly! Ive been earthquaked and carpet bombed and raped by the mafia, too! (Gilbert, E., 2006). The experiences she gets in these places have helped him present a well written work. In India, while at an ashram, she liberally narrates the kind of meditations that she has. She meditates of a life out of the expensive New York where she would afford an extra bedroom she could use as meditation room. She was in Italy for four months where she went only to enjoy herself away from the stress of United States life. This defines the Eat in the title of the book. She writes of coming to Italy pinched and thin, but after eating pizzas and the Italian wine, she adds weight and becomes healthier in body and soul. In India, she takes the following three months finding for herself more of the spirituality. This was characterized by the rigorous yoga meditation that she learns. In the books title, the Indian experience represents the Pray. The rest of that year is spent in Bali, Indonesia where she has come to find a balance between the two. The balance happens to be her Brazilian love. He is an owner of a factory. She decides to love again after discovering a balance of the two experiences. The author effectively engages the readers as she goes through the stages of her search journey. She does this by making the eader travel with her through the journey and the journey of discovery by detailing every step. The excitement is maintained throughout the book. She humorously describes herself as a tall and blond lady, something that makes her not physically blend well in most of other places. She also admits of her weakness of doing researches and also writes of her easy digestive woes. She however writes of her travelling prowess seen in her ability to easily make friends, even with the dead and four-foot sheetrock if nobody seems not to around to talk to. She therefore intelligently writes the book with the irresistible colloquialism (Egan, February 26, 2006). This is a non-fiction book and Elizabeth Gilbert writes a real life personal experience. The author is thus herself a primary source of information, something that makes the book be real and reliable. This is unlike those works that are done with most of the information from secondary sources. Believing the action is normally difficult in such instances. She is the modern woman that is challenged with choosing what is best for her. She realizes that she lacks a lot in terms of self knowledge and the knowledge of God. This is the reason she goes out to look for what she misses. She therefore represents the woman in the developed nations who still lack some self discovery. The things they lack can be found somewhere. The book has been well written with sections that clearly describes every stage of the journey. Eat is the journey and experiences in Italy, while pray describes the Indian yoga meditations. The last section is on love. This describes the ultimate meeting of a Brazilian with whom they fall in love. It takes place in Bali, Indonesia. She finds the balance between the two. The author writes that the format of this book had been revealed to her earlier while meditating in India. To her, this made her work of writing easier. The book is also divided into 108 chapters which are short and easy to read. Gilbert had earlier written a short story book. This means that she had more knowledge in writing short chapters. The work is therefore easy to read and understand than most other works. This is also a departure from her previous work where she had authored a novel entitled: The last American Man which is not a personal story or work. The author has been able to fully bring give a representation of a modern woman in the first world countries where married is not seen as very important. The woman in these countries is independent and is busy chasing after careers and education. These have led to the empowerment of women to charter their destinies without restrictions brought about by marriage or child bearing. Unfortunately, there still exists a void that needs to be filled. This is seen when Gilbert goes out in search for God and true happiness through true love. Her experiences in Italy and India answer her questions on God. Her last journey in to Indonesia makes her meet the Brazilian love. Gilberts wit and prowess is evident in the way that she writes the story. First, she only concentrates on her mission of self discovery and nothing else. She also avoids all the digression that is of no consequence. She is open about her feelings and openly tells her story. She avoids all the things that may paint her in the wrong way. This seems to be reason of not mentioning more of their disagreement with the husband. Her travel in less developed nations like India does not make her digress into writing how poor the place is. She is a focused lady who has no business on non consequential things. Critics have however dismissed this book as not comparable to her previous work. It has flaws that have weakened the intent. Gilbert has not expressly explained her reasons of being unhappy with her maarriage. She avoids the issue even as she decides to file for a divorce. After their separation with the husband, she leaves everything to the husband, something that leaves the readers with more questions than answers of her intent. Unfortunately, she becomes depressed in life and decides to look for God. After finding God, things seem not end as expected. Jennifer Egan of The New York Times argues that Gilbert life and her decisions revolve some unresolved stuff that she fails to tell the reader. The omitted confusion, according to Jennifer, should be what dictates real life (Egan, February 26, 2006). The downplaying of the American culture by the book has also been criticized. Some have pointed out that Gilberts work is an endorsement of the eastern thought and culture (Callahan, December 23, 2007). The book seems to be not as strong as the previous ones. Her skills are questionable as the journey that she takes is too self-conscious. It is does not get exposed to the dynamics of life. Considering that the journey took one year as it has been indicated, then more things could have happened than what has been indicated in the book. She insists on telling the audience how the divorce was horrible, something that led to her going away to find herself. The reader is never told what caused the divorce and continues to wonder what really happened. This omission is a weakness in Elizabeth Gilberts book. Her self consciousness in the book is very evident in the way she magically paints herself. She never does anything wrong. All her decisions turn out to be right and without fault. The story also does not show any regret in her life in the whole period that she travels for self discovery. This may be the reason as to why she omits the core reason for divorce, something that should be the core antagonistic reason in the whole story. She fails to show this to the reader. This explains the reason why this work has been mostly criticized by many writers. It does not show the prowess that a writer of her standard should exhibit. Some critics have said that Eat, Pray, Love is only good for beach reading. Another notable weakness is shown when she is in India. This is the place where more need needed to be seen as the epic of the story, but this is not seen. Her life in India is seen as the most boring accompanied with regrets from the former failed marriage. She allegedly finds God after yoga meditation in this place. This should have been the place where the reader should have been exposed to more of divinity. To the contrary, the woman still thinks of the previous marriage. In fact, most of the experiences are not interesting. It should also be noted that Elizabeth Gilbert represents those young women in the developed societies who feel they are discontented and thirsty despite having all they require for survival. Despite the privilege they have. For instance, she lives in New York City, owning two homes, having a husband, but yet too depressed to settle down in life. Conclusion In conclusion, Eat, Pray, Love: One Womans Search for Everything Across Italy, India, and Indonesia by Elizabeth is well written book with a clear truth in it due the fact that it is a non-fiction book. It is a personal story that she passionately shares to the readers. Despite of having possessions that people look for, she forfeits them when she discovers that she needs more. With great humor, she narrates her journey to finding emotional and spiritual healing. She eventually achieves her goals within the journey. As much as this book is easy to read, there are weaknesses in terms of literary value. She omits the very important elements that are responsible for making her story a real life one. But generally it is a good book since it is a personal experience. Buy custom "Eat, Pray, Love" essay

The U.S. Food Safety System

The U.S. Food Safety System Ensuring food safety is one of those federal government functions we only notice when it fails. Considering that the United States is one of the best-fed nations in the world, widespread outbreaks of food-borne illness are rare and usually quickly controlled. However, critics of the U.S. food safety system often point to its multi-agency structure which they say too often prevents the system from acting swiftly and efficiently. Indeed, food safety and quality in the United States is governed by no less than 30 federal laws and regulations administered by 15 federal agencies. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) share primary responsibility for overseeing the safety of the U.S. food supply. In addition, all states have their own laws, regulations, and agencies dedicated to food safety. The federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is mainly responsible for investigating localized and nationwide outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. In many cases, the food safety functions of the FDA and USDA overlap; particularly inspection/enforcement, training, research, and rulemaking, for both domestic and imported food. Both USDA and FDA currently conduct similar inspections at some 1,500 dual jurisdiction establishments facilities that produce foods regulated by both agencies. Role of the USDA The USDA has primary responsibility for the safety of meat, poultry, and certain egg products. USDAs regulatory authority comes from the Federal Meat Inspection Act, the Poultry Products Inspection Act, the Egg Products Inspection Act and the Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act. USDA inspects all meat, poultry and egg products sold in interstate commerce, and re-inspects imported meat, poultry, and egg products to makes sure they meet U.S. safety standards. In egg processing plants, the USDA inspects eggs before and after they are broken for further processing. Role of the FDA The FDA, as authorized by the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and the Public Health Service Act, regulates foods other than the meat and poultry products regulated by the USDA. FDA is also responsible for the safety of drugs, medical devices, biologics, animal feed and drugs, cosmetics, and radiation emitting devices. New regulations giving the FDA the authority to inspect large commercial egg farms took effect on July 9, 2010. Prior to this rule, FDA inspected egg farms under its broad authorities applicable to all food, focusing on farms already linked to recalls. Apparently, the new rule did not take effect soon enough to allow for proactive inspections by the FDA of the egg farms involved in the August 2010 recall of nearly half a billion eggs for salmonella contamination. Role of the CDC The Centers for Disease Control leads federal efforts to gather data on foodborne illnesses, investigate foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, and monitor the effectiveness of prevention and control efforts in reducing foodborne illnesses. CDC also plays a key role in building state and local health department epidemiology, laboratory, and environmental health capacity to support foodborne disease surveillance and outbreak response. Differing Authorities All of the federal laws listed above empower the USDA and FDA with different regulatory and enforcement authorities. For example, food products under FDAs jurisdiction may be sold to the public without the agencys prior approval. On the other hand, food products under USDAs jurisdiction must generally be inspected and approved as meeting federal standards before being marketed. Under current law, UDSA continuously inspects slaughter facilities and examines each slaughtered meat and poultry carcass. They also visit each processing facility at least once during each operating day. For foods under FDAs jurisdiction, however, federal law does not mandate the frequency of inspections. Addressing Bioterrorism Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the federal food safety agencies began taking on the added responsibility of addressing the potential for deliberate contamination of agriculture and food products - bioterrorism. An executive order issued by President George W. Bush in 2001 added the food industry to the list of critical sectors that need protection from possible terrorist attack. As a result of this order, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 established the Department of Homeland Security, which now provides overall coordination for protecting the U.S. food supply from deliberate contamination. Finally, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 granted the FDA additional food safety enforcement authorities similar to those of the USDA. Cooperation with State and Local Food Safety Systems According to the U.S. Department Health and Human Services (HHS), more than 3,000 state, local, and territorial agencies are responsible for food safety in retail food establishments within their jurisdictions. Most states and territories have separate departments of health and of agriculture, while most counties and cities have similar food safety and inspection agencies. In most states and local jurisdictions, the department of health has authority over restaurants, while the agriculture department is responsible for food safety in retail supermarkets. While the states inspect meat and poultry sold in the state where they are produced, the process is monitored by the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Under the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 and the Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968, state inspection programs are required to be â€Å"at least equal to† federal meat and poultry inspection programs. The federal FSIS takes over responsibility for inspections if a state voluntarily ends its inspection programs or fails to maintain the â€Å"at least equal to† standard. In a few states, state employees conduct meat and poultry inspections in federally-operated plants under federal-state cooperative inspection contracts.

Analysis and critique paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis and critique paper - Assignment Example al., 2012). The use of randomized controlled trial or quasi-experiment study design was one of the determinants of whether a study would be included in the analysis. A potential study for this analysis had to have studied persons from a population of equal or less than eighteen years and their parents. A qualified study for inclusion in this analysis had to have used text messaging as its impact in influencing health behavior. The analysis required potential research studies to have used pre-test and or post-test in measuring health behavior outcome. The source of a potential research study for this analysis had to be a peer-reviewed journal. Any study to be included in the analysis had to have been published in English (Militello et. al., 2012). Seven studies represented by eight articles were included in the review. Many of these studies used randomized controlled trials, one used randomized crossover design study, and another used a quasi-experimental study. Three studies concluded that reminders are effective improving the outcomes of blood glucose monitoring, insulin therapy in diabetics and anti-rejection medications in liver transplant patients. More than five other studies supported this conclusion and the use of text message intervention among the diverse population of urban parents was another conclusion that was consistent in a number of the selected studies (Militello et. al., 2012). The topic of this integrative research review was clearly defined. The search for studies and other evidence used in this review was comprehensive and unbiased and the screening of citations considered for inclusion in this review was based on explicit criteria. Included studies in this review were assessed for quality by gauging their level of evidence. The discussion and display of the findings of the included studies was